Death of a Salesman †Discuss the Importance of Dreams in the Play Essay

The American Dream is strongly linked to a consumer culture and capitalism, and this is the main theme of the play. Dreams are the main structure of the play. Dreams can be many things; they can be divided into two types. They can be your hopes and ambitions, fantasies, hallucinations, and can also the dreams in your subconscious mind whilst you are asleep. ‘The American Dream’ is what Willy bases his life on. The only way for him is up. Dreams seem to ‘motivate the characters’ actions, they express and explain their past and present behaviour. ‘The American Dream’ is the most important part in ‘A Death of a Salesman’. Willy strives to achieve for himself and his sons, Biff and Happy, to be rich and successful having money to pay off all the bills and not being in debt is the ideal. ‘The American Dream’ is literally having the best of everything, owning your own car and land, being popular and having the opportunity and qualifications to be successful. All the way through the play Willy strives for ‘The American Dream’. He idolizes two people. ‘His name was Dave Singleman. And he was eighty-four years old†¦And old Dave, he’d go up to his room, y’understand, put on his green velvet slippers-I’ll never forget-and pick up his phone and call the buyers, and without leaving his room at eighty-four he, made his living.’ The other is his elder brother Ben who had found wealth colourfully, romantically, by walking into the jungle and discovering diamonds. To Willy therefore success means two things being rich and being popular. Willy strives to the point of obsession to achieve this end. This obsession of ‘The American Dream’ pressurises Willy to bring up his sons to think the same and like a tree, the branches representing his sons reach up towards this dream and the subsequent pressure it puts on them. Biff begins to doubt ‘The American Dream’ when he says ‘†¦it’s me, I’m a bum’ and ‘I’m one dollar an hour’. Biff realizes that life is not always happy and sometimes you just have to settle with what you have got. Willy still thinks Biff will actually achieve all the aspects of his dream. Biff tries to tell him ‘Pop! I’m a dime a dozen and so are you!’ Willy responds ‘I’m not a dime a dozen I am Willy Loman, and you are Biff Loman!’ Willy will not accept this and tries to shut and block out what Biff is saying. He cannot work out that there are an exceptional few that achieve the ‘The American Dream’. Happy is totally absorbed in his father’s dream, and tries to believe that he will achieve it. Happy tells Biff that he cannot be promoted. ‘All I can do now is wait for the merchandise manager to die.’ He does not appear to be working for promotion and is stuck in a dead end job. The author uses Bernard, Charley’s son as a story contrast to the two Loman brothers. Willy refers to him as an ‘aneamic’ and says although he gets the best marks at school he is not as popular and does not have the personality of Biff and Happy. But the complete opposite happens when they finish school and get into the big wide world. Bernard becomes part of the Supreme Court. ‘Oh, just a case I got there, Willy.’ Bernard was a hard working school pupil who seemed to have achieved the dream and also got married and had two children. This proves that popularity and a likeable character is not enough for the ‘American Dream’. Both Biff and Happy have many hopes and dreams dominated by their father Willy. Biff tries to fulfill his father’s dreams in the beginning. ‘Well, I spent six or seven years after high-school trying to work myself up. Shopping clerk, salesman, business of one kind or the another.’ This repeats the theme of the play that one cannot live by another’s dream. ‘What the hell am I doing, playing around with horses, twenty-eight dollars a week†¦And now, I get here, and I don’t know what to do with myself.’ Biff is so confused with life because he was brought up to believe that he should be ‘manager’ of a big company and will always be rich and successful. He seems to like his job in the open space but thinks that he should be earning more money than he is. Happy is like his brother Biff, lost but in a different way. He is thirty-two and is totally absorbed in his father’s dreams and ambitions. Happy continually boasts about his sex life. ‘About five-hundred women would like to know what was said in this room.’ he tells Biff. Happy’s dreams are like his bosses. He should be able to build a large estate and then sell it two months after, because he doesn’t like it and then start to build another. The two boy’s hopes and dreams come from their father. They were brought up to want the very best and are force-fed the wrong hopes and ambitions from childhood. The hopes and dreams that the Loman family have, have affected their lives in many different ways. Biff tries to live up to his father’s expectations but seems to realize that he cannot live other hopes. Happy is the only person with a steady job. Even though he is achieving one part of ‘The American Dream’ he is lonely and keeps telling Linda and Willy ‘Am gonna get married Pop.’ He is not content because he still wants everything beyond what his job can provide. He seems to still be absorbed in his father dreams. Willy is all talk and never achieves anything. He blames people for his downfalls in life. The only way he thinks he will resolve all of his problems in life is to commit suicide. Hopes and ambitions are extremely important for the people in the play as they are always striving for ‘success’. At the end of the play Biff says at Willy’s funeral ‘He had the wrong dreams. All, all, wrong.’ Willy needed to accept that he could not live his dreams and had to settle with what he had and make the best of the situation. Willy’s memories affect the main structure of the play. There are many types of stagecraft to show the difference between the past and present. Lighting is used in the way that in the present times the stage is very dull and gloomy showing misery and unhappiness. The stage is shown as bright and lively at the points of Willy’s daydreams and hallucinations of the past. Sounds depend on the mood of the occasion, faint and lifeless sounds seem to be in the background when the play is in the present. The tone of the music changes when Willy goes into the past, it appears chirpy and happy. Clouting plays an important role. The clothing also depended on the mood of the character the colours of the dress indicates what temperament they were in. Willy seems to always be in the past, this is because he feels it’s a refuge from the life that he is really living in and all the problems in it. The flashbacks Willy gets are all describing what happened in the past and show how the other characters were. ‘I got it, Pop. And remember, pal, when I take of my helmet, that touchdown is for you.’ Biff tries to impress his father; this shows that Biff was always the centre of his life at this time. These flashbacks show the sides of the characters in the play that we have not seen before. The flashbacks also show the way Willy has brought up his two sons. Willy brings Biff and Happy up in the hope that they will fulfil ‘The American Dream’, that popularity and good personalities will get them good jobs. This affects them in later life because they still believe that this doctrine will get those good jobs but it can not. Happy depends on the death of others higher ranked than him for promotion rather than his own skills. The past events are never shown as they actually happened, they are shown the way Willy interprets them. Willy seems to distort the event when Biff finds Willy and ‘The Woman’ in the bedroom in Brooklyn. He does this to try and block out the bad thoughts, and create a past he can hide in from others. Dreams are so important in the play because they seem to link everything together ‘The American Dream’, Hopes and Ambitions and ‘Daydreams, Fantasies and Memories’. Throughout this play, Miller is saying to the audience that our society, promotes things to strive for that are way beyond the reaches of that person. Peer pressure is mainly what drives us to want more and the best of everything, getting into debt. Miller says that the characters in the play are affected by the dream, ‘The American Dream’. Although the play was written over fifty years ago in 1949, it still has relevance today. In the 1950’s, capitalism was taking hold after the Second World War; today commercialism still has a powerful hold in the Western world’s culture. I think Miller is telling us to live our lives according to our own dreams and not others.

Bertie Ahern Essay

Bertie Ahern is present Prime Minister, or Taoiseach, of Ireland, heading the Irish government since 1997. Ahern is a prominent statesman of European stature with great political acumen and wisdom that has helped him to successfully manage a potentially volatile coalition of multiple parties and many independent candidates. Ahern has an illustrious political career where he served as minister of Labor and Minister of Finance in the governments of Charles Haughey and Albert Reynolds. Ahern’s electioneering skills and party management capabilities have been universally praised, being a prominent factor in his rise to the highest position in Irish government. Political Baptism Born in 1951, Bertie Ahern was well groomed politically since his younger days due to an intensely political environment at his home . His father had fought in Irish War of Independence and the Civil War and Bertie closely observed the events, gaining crucial understanding of the complexity and challenges of Irish political system. Although professionally Ahern took the job of accountant, but his political inclination was evidently manifest when he joined Fianna Fail in 1968, at a young age of 17 . In the campaign for Fianna Fail in 1969 general elections, Ahern was spotted by senior party leader Charles Hughey, who was much impressed by the youngster’s electioneering abilities, political maneuvers, capacity of resource management and brilliance for political logistics . The first creditable evidence of Ahern’s electioneering brilliance was registered in his own landslide win in 1977 in his very first effort for elected office. His party had also scored a large win in the Irish parliament and although young and inexperienced by age, Ahern developed a close association with Hughey, who had become a stalwart of politician and one of the strongest competitors for the post of Prime Minister. Ahern was recognized for his talents by being appointed as Assistant-Government Chief Whip. The tumultuous political conditions of Ireland saw it facing election both in the year 1981 and 1982. Ahern was successful in increasing his own victory margin each time, while his canvassing for the party, his handling of party-men and his abilities in mobilizing them did not fail to impress senior party leaders. Fianna Fail lost the elections of 1982 and had to sit in opposition till 1987, a time that saw Ahern’s increasing influence and growth as a seasoned party man and political leader . Ahern was appointed party’s spokesperson and got elected as Mayor of Dublin. In 1987 Ahern’s electioneering abilities were once again on display when he campaigned along with Hughey, Reynolds, and MacSharry and Fianna Fail returned to power. Ahern worked closely in developing the party manifesto that would appeal to largest number of electorates. Eventually Charles Hughey became Taoiseach and Ahern was given the cabinet post for labor . His negotiation skills coruscated in this capacity as well when he became instrumental in introducing various trade related reforms, collaborating with trade unions, and creating the consensus for national economic agreement. Ireland saw another election in 1989, where Fail party lost several seats and lost its marginal lead in the parliament. To form the government Fail had to enter into a coalition with other parties, a step that many party-men deeply resented and opposed. However, Charles Hughey knew that in the capacity of Ahern he had a truly gifted negotiator and campaign manager with abilities correct the complex political equation and help his party form the government again.

Assessing a Company’s Financial Future

Assessing a Company’s Future Financial Health Case Analysis Executive Summary A firm’s ability to analyze its long-term financial health can become a key asset for management as it formulates new, and/or revises old, strategies and goals. The key goal of management is to anticipate future imbalances in its financial systems before a negative result occurs within its financials. As the HBR case describes, â€Å"Management must ensure the continuity of the flow of funds to all of its strategically important programs, even in periods of adversity. This is true in business but also in everyone’s personal life. There will always be ups and downs in life, but everyone as an individual must prepare for these obstacles and continue to strive forward. Analysis 1. Does high growth always require external financing? No, high growth of a firm does not always require external financing. The need for a firm to rely on external financing depends on the industry of the firm. As explained in the case, a restaurant does not require external financing to result in high growth.With a low level of total assets found in a restaurant, it will not need financing during a period where it experiences rapid growth because the financial gap will be offset by the increase in accrued expenses. On the other hand, in a different industry where the level of total assets is quite large, this gap can’t be sufficed by an increase on the liabilities side of the balance sheet. This gap can only be bridged by obtaining loans or issuing debt against the firm. 2. Fill in the blanks on pages 6 through 10. Sales Growth 1. During the four-year period ended December 31, 2008, SciTronics’ sales grew at a 65. 9% compound rate. There were no acquisitions or divestitures. Profitability Ratios 1. SciTronics’ profit as a percentage of sales in 2008 was 5. 74%. (Return on Sales = Net Income/Net Sales = $14 mil/$244 mil) 2. This represented an increase from 3. 40% in 200 5. (Return on Sales = $5 mil/ $147 mil) 3. SciTronics had a total of $111 mil of capital at year-end 2008 and earned, before interest but after taxes (EBIAT), $15. 158 mil in 2008. Its return on capital was 13. 66% in 2008, which represented an increase from the 7. 72% earned in 2005. 4. SciTronics had $75 mil of owner’s equity and earned $14 mil after taxes in 2008.Its return on equity was 18. 67%, which represented an improvement from the 8. 20% earned in 2005. (ROE2008 = 14 mil/75 mil and ROE2005 =5 mil/61 mil) Activity Ratios 1. Total asset turnover for SciTronics in 2008 can be calculated by dividing $159 mil into $244 mil. The turnover deteriorated from 1. 58 times in 2005 to 1. 53 times in 2008. 2. SciTronics had $66 mil invested in accounts receivable at year-end 2008. Its average sales per day were $668,493. 15 during 2008 and its average collection period was 98. 73 days. This represented an improvement from the average collection period of 104. 9 days in 2005. 3. S ciTronics apparently needed $29 mil of inventory at year-end 2008 to support its operations during 2008. Its activity during 2008 as measured by the cost of goods sold was $74 mil. It therefor had an inventory turnover of 2. 55 times. This represented an improvement from 2. 05 times in 2005. (Inv. Turnover2008 = 74 mil/29 mil and Inv. Turnover2005 = 43 mil/21 mil) 4. SciTronics had net fixed assets of $18 mil and sales of $244 mil in 2008. Its fixed asset turnover ratio in 2008 was 13. 56 times, a deterioration from 16. 33 times in 2005. (FA Turnover2008 = 244 mil/18 mil and FATurnover2005 = 147 mil/9 mil) Leverage Ratios 1. SciTronics’ ratio of total assets divided by owner’s equity increased from 1. 52 at year-end 2005 to 2. 12 at year-end 2008. 2. At year-end 2008, SciTronics total liabilities were 52. 83% of its total assets, which compares with 34. 41% in 2005. 3. The market value of SciTronics equity was $175,000,000 at December 31, 2008. The total debt ratio at market was 32. 43%. (TD @ market = 84 mil/259 mil) 4. SciTronics’ earnings before interest and taxes (operating income) were $24 mil in 2008 and its interest charges were $2 mil. Its times interest earned was 12 times.This represented an improvement from the 2005 level of 9 times. 5. SciTronics owed its suppliers $6 mil at year-end 2008. This represented 8. 11% of cost of goods sold and was a decrease from 11. 63% at year-end 2005. The company appears to be more prompt in paying its suppliers in 2008 than it was in 2005. 6. The financial riskiness of SciTronics decrease between 2005 and 2008. Liquidity Ratios 1. SciTronics held $133 mil of current assets at year-end 2008 and owed $48 mil to creditors, due to be paid within one year. SciTronics’ current ratio was 2. 77, an decrease from the ratio of 3. 90 at year-end 2005. . The quick ratio for SciTronics at year end 2008 was 2. 17, and increase/decrease from the ratio of 2. 90 at year-end 2005. (Quick2008 = (133 mil-29 mil)/48 mil and Quick2005 = (82 mil-21 mil)/21 mil) Profitability Revisited 1. The improvement in SciTronics’ return on equity from 8. 2% in 2005 to 18. 7% in 2008 resulted from an increase (RoS2008 = 14 mil/244 mil and RoS2005 = 5 mil/147 mil) in its return on sales; and from an decrease (ATO2008=244 mil/159 mil and ATO2005=147 mil/93 mil) in its asset turnover, and an decrease (Lev2008=159 mil/75 mil and Lev2005=147 mil/61 mil) in its financial leverage. . Assign the five unidentified industries to A, B, C, D, and E on Exhibit 3. A Electric Utility – low inventory, large fixed assets B Discount General Merchandise Retailer – large fixed assets C Japanese automobile manufacturer – large fixed assets, longest inventory turnover time D Automated Test Equipment – low inventory, high accounts payable E Upscale Apparel Retailer – small margin of profitability, medium-sized inventory

Personal identity. You are the same person now as you were ten years Essay

Personal identity. You are the same person now as you were ten years ago - Essay Example Firstly, I will show, through describing the limits of acceptable physical change, that bodily continuity alone is not enough to say I am the same person I was a decade ago. Some philosophers, such as Eric Olson, have claimed that the physical body is the basis of the identity (Olson 2003, pp. 337-338). This view claims that as long as one keeps the same body throughout their life, they remain the same person. For example, if someone commits a crime, as long as their body committed the crime, we can punish them for it. Therefore, as I am in the same body as I was ten years ago, I am the same person. However, there is opposition to the view that our identity refers only to our physical body as our bodies are constantly regenerating so how much of our body must stay the same in order for us to be classed as the same person? An example of this is the Ship of Theseus (Leibniz as cited by Gallois 2016). Many people believe that, at some point, the Ship of Theseus stops being the same ship. I could then also say I am not the same person I was ten years ago, as I have a completely different set of cells. But, with no detectable changes in appearance or attitude how could I prove I am a different person? Not everyone agrees that our regeneration makes us a different person, believing that the gradual change involved in the previous examples enables them to keep their identity, i.e. the gradual change of the Ship of Theseus.

Biography of Kurt Vonnegut Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biography of Kurt Vonnegut - Essay Example After the war, Vonnegut attended the University of Chicago as a graduate student in anthropology and also worked at the City News Bureau of Chicago. He described his work there in the late 1940s in terms that could have been used by almost any other City Press reporter of any era: "Well, the Chicago City News Bureau was a tripwire for all the newspapers in town when I was there, and there were five papers, I think. We were out all the time around the clock and every time we came across a really juicy murder or scandal or whatever, they’d send the big time reporters and photographers, otherwise, they’d run our stories. So that’s what I was doing, and I was going to university at the same time." Vonnegut admitted that he was a poor anthropology student, with one professor remarking that some of the students were going to be professional anthropologists and he was not one of them. According to Vonnegut in Bagombo Snuff Box, the university rejected his first thesis o n the necessity of accounting for the similarities between Cubist painters and the leaders of late 19th Century Native American uprisings, saying it was unprofessional. He left Chicago to work in Schenectady, New York, in public relations for General Electric, where his brother Bernard worked in the research department. Vonnegut was a technical writer but was also known for writing well past his typical hours while working. While in Schenectady, Vonnegut lived in the tiny hamlet of Alplaus, just across the Mohawk River from the city of Schenectady.

Explore the similarities and differences of Chinese and Indian Essay

Explore the similarities and differences of Chinese and Indian management styles - Essay Example Evidence show that crosses cultural management theory helps the managers to be prepared against managerial crisis. It also helps them in choosing the most perfect managerial technique from a variety of techniques, which helps in support business activity (Yau, 2007). The most suitable focus would be to understand the importance of the multiple culture and their utilities for the changes required in the business practice. Cross cultural management theory would require the appreciation of changes and would lead to repositioning of the organization and alteration of the organizations traditional Human Resource Management practices and perspectives (Pang, Roberts and Sutton, 2006). The study will deal with the perspective of cross cultural management and its relevance. The author of the study will give an insight into the increased complexity of the present changing marketing environment and the relevance of the cross cultural management theory in aid for various managerial problems. ... This theory helps the competent managers to recognize and understand the positive and negative impact of the management development theories in assessing the cultural requirements. It also helps the managers in solving the complex business problems and improvement of the existing managerial procedures. Several authors had contributed a considerable time on developing theories about quality management techniques, which improve the transparency between the management and the customer for deriving various contrasting solutions. Globalization and internationalization has introduced several changes in the team composition, dynamics and the workplace (Ward, Entrkin and Pearson, 2002). Several interdepartmental business units of different business sizes are regarded extremely important business source for integration of a singular economy. The organizations which are considered important as domestic business units are lagging behind international business organizations and the major reason behind it is the non understanding of the cross cultural management theory. The impact of diversified work culture on team productivity can be satisfying and rewarding when the organizational climate is positive and congenial (Colson, 2013). Culture is an integral part, which acts as an external source of deep influence and also helps in improving the employee behaviour (Wes, Desai and Burt, 2000). The profound impact of the cross cultural management theories on the business activities help in coping with the certainty and uncertainty collectively. These theories have an impact equally on the individual based strategies developed by the employees

When should the State become involved in family life Essay

When should the State become involved in family life - Essay Example aimed at identifying and protecting children at risk.4 It is therefore accepted and understood that states should have the authority to intervene for the protection of children who are vulnerable to neglect and abuse. This paper analyses the current state of law, policies and practices that speak to a general justification for state intervention in family life for the protection of children. In this regard, this research study is divided into two parts. The first part of this study identifies the state agents that are authorized to intervene in family life for the protection of children. The second part of this paper analyses the laws, practices and policies enabling state intervention via state agents. ... The welfare state by implication serves the collective needs of all and at the same time confers virtual autonomy on the state over its citizens. Neoliberalism takes the position that social services are part and parcel of the free and open market economy. It is generally presumed that the state bears some responsibility for meeting social needs while at the same time recognizing that individuals are free to take care of themselves and their families. In order to achieve social justice, social democracy commands that the state implement measures and policies for promoting and enforcing social justice.7 Pursuant to neoliberal theory and concepts of social democracy, the state constructs rules prescribing how the state and its various agents function to achieve social justice. In the interest of achieving social justice, states may retain for themselves some measure of coercive authority which permits the state to prohibit some behaviour on the part of its citizens. States in neolibera l contexts respond to the demands of social justice by observing society, social institutions and implement or modify public policies that are consistent with their observations.8 In this regard, social justice with respect to children in the UK was originally informed by the death of Maria Colwell which was caused by her stepfather while under the supervision of social services in 1973. Over the last 15 years, there have been a number of high profile inquiries about the efficacy of social services and thus the state in identifying and protecting children from child abuse and neglect. While most of the high profile inquiries involve the failure of the state via its social services agents to

MICROFINANCE IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES Dissertation

MICROFINANCE IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES - Dissertation Example However, microfinance units cannot be equally successful in all economies, became they all have different demographics and social structures. Despite the fact that many nations have seen success following the inclusion of microfinance units, it cannot be established that all emerging nations would experience a similar degree of success. This present paper will examine the scope of success of microfinance units in Saudi Arabia through an examination of the profitability and efficiency of operations of these financial units in the economy. In most of cases it is an inefficient financial system which is found to be the prime reason behind the failure of microfinance units, which is why it is necessary to examine the extent to which the financial system of a nation is capable of bearing such a responsibility, before arriving at any conclusion. This paper will conclude that Saudi Arabian banks are currently in a poor state to make the microfinance movement a success. However, if necessary measures are undertaken, the trend could be reversed. Chapter 1 – Introduction 1.1 Definition and Brief History Microfinance institutions are responsible for boosting the social status of a poorer section of a nation’s population by providing financial assistance. Their prime function, however, is that of microcredit, which involves forwarding loans on a cooperative basis to groups of people so that no single individual is liable. This helps to reduce their burden substantially (Feigenberg, Field & Pande, 2010). Their popularity among the poorer sections of society, which comprise a major part of developing economies, has even spurred normal commercial banks to adopt some of their strategies. Microfinance institutions might be owned by government bodies or non-governmental ones, and they might also be involved in tasks other than forwarding credit to poorer sections of society (Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, 2011). The concept of microfinance has spread across the globe from a small region in Bangladesh where Muhammad Yunus, an economics professor at the University of Chittagong, advanced nearly $30 to a group of poor villagers. An important term of this loan was that the entire group as a whole stood liable for the debt, so that the burden was divided equally among the individuals in the group. The initial loan helped the villagers to generate a continual flow of future income and, eventually, sustain their respective households. When Yunus noted the importance of such loans advanced on cooperative terms, he decided to popularise the concept across Bangladesh. Such a measure was understood as an important stepping stone towards poverty eradication. Yunus initiated the construction of Grameen Bank in 1983,

An Evaluation of Sun Microsystems Consolidated Balance Sheet Essay

An Evaluation of Sun Microsystems Consolidated Balance Sheet - Essay Example On one hand this shows a healthy sign. However the lower profitability has offset the advantage resulting from the reduced debts. This trend indicates that the company will face liquidity problem in the near future if necessary steps are not taken to improve the profitability. The current ratio for the year 2001 is showing an increasing trend. This is due to the increased inventory level the company is holding. When the quick ratios is compared between the years 2000 and 2001 it can be observed that there is a sharp decline in this ratio implying that the short term liquidity position of the company has deteriorated over the year as most of the funds are locked up in inventory. This can also be seen from the reduction in the inventory turnover ratio which has decline from 28.22 in the year 2000 to 17.40 in the year 2001. This means that the company has locked up more liquid funds in inventory which is affecting the liquidity of the company. It is observed that there is a sharp decline in all the profitability ratios. The operating income of the company has declined from 15.22% in the year2000 to 7.18% in the year 2001. This is due to the increase in the cost of sales which is at 55% for the year 2001 (48% for 2000). Further the increase in the expenses like amortization of goodwill and research and development expenses have also contributed to the lower operating and net income. Since the profitability of the company is less during the year 2001 it has resulted in a lower ROA and ROE. The company has issued additional common stock in the year 2001 which has increased the equity and when the lower profitability applied on higher shareholder equity the ROE has shown a sharp decline from 25.37% in the year 2000 to 8.76% in the year 2001. There is no decrease in the long term liabilities of the company in the year 2001. This implies the company has

Information and Communication Technologies in Virgin Atlantic Essay

Information and Communication Technologies in Virgin Atlantic - Essay Example With emphasis on the airline industry, the emergence of internet and the subsequent development of extranets and intranets forced airlines to rethink their strategies on technological innovation and enhance their competitiveness in their market niche. The internet has proved a source of opportunity to tackle distribution costs and reengineer the structure of the airline industry (Alamdari and Mason, 2006:123). These technological innovations seek to monitor a wide range of business processes in the airlines, as well as identifying ways of improving these processes. This report examines the implementation of the online ticket booking by Virgin Atlantic Airways to achieve cost reduction and competitive advantage objectives. The report works on the assumption that the previous booking systems had flaws in efficiency and effectiveness, thus the company sort to redesign the booking process to attain some competitive edge against its competitors and increase its effectiveness and efficienc y in general (Olugbenga, 2006). Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited, famously as simply Virgin Atlantic, is a British airline headquartered in West Sussex, England. The airline, founded in 1984, has become the second largest carrier in Britain serving the major cities in the world. Currently based in Manchester airport, Heathrow airports, and Gatwick in London, the airline operates long-haul services to more than thirty destinations worldwide, as far apart as Shanghai and Las Vegas. Virgin Atlantic enjoys huge popularity, receiving top business, trade, and consumer awards worldwide. The airline has credit for pioneering a range of innovations and setting new service standards, with its competitors seeking to follow the same... This essay stresses that for Virgin Atlantic to achieve competitive advantage in the airline industry, it needs to develop and implement innovative strategies to improve the sale of ticket, as this forms the primary source of income. The company may integrate ICT tools to achieve this, including developing an efficient booking system incorporated into the official website of the company. This paper makes a conclusion that ICT may support all business functions, thus integral in the efficient operation of the entire travel industry. ICT provides tools for searching for profitable and meaningful niche market segments and identify value added components for the services and products, as well as differentiate these services and products through special media to market segments. Flexibility and cost effectiveness are among the products of ICT in this process, as they are integral in cost efficiency maximization and cost reduction. The impact of ICT on the airlines industry is persuasive, as information forms the core foundation of the daily operations and the strategic management of organizations. This is evident from the implementation of Virgin Atlantic online ticket booking. The online service has significantly improved the services of the company in all levels of management. Subsequently, there has improvement in tickets sales, with increased efficiency and effectiven ess. At the strategic level, airlines must continuously assess all the external elements of the environment, as well as customers’ needs and competitors, and subsequently adapt to them to enhance their competitiveness

Marketing Products and Services in a Dynamic Environment Assignment

Marketing Products and Services in a Dynamic Environment - Assignment Example The author makes special references to the claims advanced by Adam Smith and other prominent economic thinkers as understood within the domain of goods-dominant logic with the intention of exposing its fundamental strengths and weaknesses as compared with the service-dominant logic. The theoretical foundation of the article marks a determined departure from the conventional systems of through that privilege the goods-dominant logic as a key determinant of economic exchange. The author affirms that all kinds of exchange are based on service (Vargo, Maglio, & Akaka, 2008, p. 145). This marked departure from the conventions of goods-based logic promotes a sense of disharmony between traditional accounting practices and the modern economic assumptions that emphasize more on the need to develop value-based systems. In essence, the author makes the claim that all forms of transactions are ultimately reducible to service for the benefit of the end users. The author explores the dimensions of service science from the multiple dimensions that include the relationship between production and utilization of the value. Other relationships explored include the product and process in light of their relationship with the generation of value. The study trains some significant focus on the connection between transaction and relationship between the transacting parties. The difference between the goods-dominant logic and the service-dominant logic as understood within the framework of this study involves a range of options that significantly connect within the element of productivity (Vargo, Maglio, & Akaka, 2008, p. 147). The goods-dominant logic operates under a system that offers unique advantages to the end user. Theoretically, this concept is built on the assumption that the roles of the producer and that of the end user are clearly distinct. In line with this ideal, the consumer primarily plays the role of utilizing the value. The value o f a good

Management & Leadership Essay Example for Free

Management Leadership Essay The way the world now developed through the industrial revolution from the twentieth century has a great background with many driving factor involved. The scheme that is cost-effective and has a good impact on social welfare of society, and those living in the society, is considerably dependent on the effective and resourceful piece of organizations of all kinds, which depends on satisfactory or excellent management and leadership potential, and which can be learnt and extended, would be acknowledged by many. This is the reason different government and government agencies nationally or internationally, organization of all kinds, investing in their own development, behaves as the basis of this belief that they make considerable investment in management and leadership training, development and education. There was a report in November 2006, Yahoo manager Brad Garlinghouse issued memo that directly challenge the senior management. He accused the Yahoo’s leadership lacking strategic direction. Their competitor Google had beaten Yahoo in terms of revenue, advertisement and the share price fallen nearly a third since the start of the year. He suggested to have a change in their strategy. Off course it is very difficult to change the strategy for any organization but to survive in the competent world a change should be made when needed. It was Mr. Garlinghouse great management and leadership skill that he diagnosed the problem and gives his organization a direction to move. Apart from what he observed and analyzed, the main part is that he made a decision to apply the change. He might have adopted different style for management as well as leadership, according to the organizational structure of Yahoo, and would be aware of what impact would be coming in applying the decisions. It would have been Autocratic or Paternalistic or it might be the Democratic one but what actually he identified was the lack in the management and leadership directions. Waka International is a multinational organization making FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) all over the world and for the last few years making its way up but not with a pace with which it has to moving over with good management and leader but still the HR management asked junior researcher to compile a report on how the managers can lead their team using different styles of management and leadership and how these styles going to impact on the strategic decision, and this is what good organization do to look what changes they need or things that can be adopted like Yahoo manager Brad Galinghouse did. There is a good saying by someone that there is one thing constant and it is â€Å"change† and researchers have made efforts to put forward some suggestion what style we should adopt in different work situation within a team in Waka International to meet the challenges on different stages. Management is been described as the process of setting objectives and making most efficient use of financial, human and physical resources to achieve these objectives, in which main task include planning, organizing, controlling and coordinating. The resources may include the organizational assets which may be people, machinery, raw materials, information, skills and financial capital to measure the organizational performance i.e. how efficiently and effectively management use these resources to satisfy customers and to briefly explore or examine management and in this report will be looking on the management theories of two recent writers. First researcher tried to sketch the attempt of Peter Drucker for his work to describe and comment upon what managers do and he identifies three tasks: Satisfying the goals or mission of the organization. Enabling the worker to achieve and focus on productivity. Managing social responsibilities. He suggested in simplified manner that managers are required to set objectives; organize; motivate and communicate; measure and develop people. Secondly to mention the influential work on management of Henry Mintzberg in which he details his observations of what managers actually did. He examine that managers were not found to spend most of their time planning, organizing, coordinating, commanding and controlling and suggested ten roles managers often attempt logically in the pursuit of their objectives and divided these roles in three stages as building relationship with the employees, yielding the quality information and finally the allocation of decision making, objective and resources to the employees. On the other hand leadership can be suggested as, the part of management to drive the organization to achieve its goals by utilizing potential influence with group efforts. Leadership in the organizational role involves establishing and sharing a vision, providing information, knowledge and methods to realize that vision so others can follow willingly. If we link management and leadership we can say that leadership is an essential part of effective management, which emphasis upon the building an environment in which everyone has the opportunity to develop and excel skills. This link between management and leadership shows that managers must have traits of a leader. While learning about leadership researcher describes two types of leadership which are Direct Leadership Indirect Leadership. Direct leadership is something about imposing orders to your followers and maybe enforcing them to accept you as a leader, where followers used to see the leader regularly face-to-face. Or it can be said that the leaders who are able to get to know those they are working with and influence them on an interpersonal basis are direct leaders. While those having thousands of followers without possessing the role of leadership is the indirect leadership. It may also be believed that the indirect leadership has to do with influencing others and making them your followers indirectly by inspiring the followers through your character, charisma etc. Leadership is not about ruling people like subjects and taking it for granted; it’s about presenting yourself as someone who people think should be followed for guidance. It’s about winning the minds and hearts of people. If we like to differentiate between management and leadership we can come up with the idea that Managers perform roles in organizations and hold a specific, formal title and fulfill a role well Leaders aim to influence and guide others into pursuing particular objectives or ideas of the future and to motivate them into wanting to follow. In Waka International the management has the best quality leadership hence the reason, management asked their junior staff for such an important part to look on it, since the organization is willing to move up and each management is leading its team in a good way, with a good pace as well, in a better management and leadership style. Leadership style is the way in which the functions of leadership are carries out, the way in which the manager typically behaves towards members of the group. Different leaders have different behavior which might produce different effects, so researchers began studies on successful leaders and began to develop different styles of leadership. Also how to become a good leader one should be aware of his leadership style. There are many theories on leadership styles; these are summarized into three dimensional theories which describe different leadership styles: The concept in this style is of leader and followers, where leaders have got all the high power, authority and control; they make the decisions in a one way communication and direct their followers with minimal participation of followers. All the planning and thinking is done by the leader and the team’s role is to follow the orders and motivation to the followers only comes from the leader’s status, charisma, expertise and power to reward and punish. An example of authoritarian styles is John F. Kennedy and one of the many things that John F. Kennedy is remembered for is his vision concerning the United States’ space program. On September 12, 1962, while speaking at Rice University, President Kennedy said: We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win He then went on to talk about metal alloys that had not yet been invented that are capable of standing heat and stresses several times more than have ever been experienced. He had a vision of sending a man to the moon and back safely. He even explained how it was going to be accomplished. John F. Kennedy was exhibiting an authoritative leadership style that mobilized the resources of an entire nation towards this single goal. When we are talking about democratic leadership, it does not refer to a leader who holds political office or background, such as senator or parliamentarian. It talks about a leadership style that exhibits democratic characteristics. This idea of leadership involves running a business on the basis on the majority of decisions i.e. leader encourage the involvement of employees to take part in decision. Many of the great organizational leaders did use this style, Bill Gates is well known for his democratic management style at Microsoft. He actively involved employees in key management and strategic decisions. He was always interacted with the employees of Microsoft and customer and devoted his time for them by staying in contact via e-mail. In the democratic leadership style, we see a balance in the decision-making process. Employees or followers are allowed to participate in the decisions their opinion counts just as much as the leaders. Now this might sound like the optimal way to lead but every ways got some pros and cons in it. In this type of leadership managers observes that employees are working well on their own and consciously make a decision to pass to the member to allow them freedom of action and not to interfere and is always available to help in need. The leader may also set some example but nobody has to follow it if they want to. They leader don’t try to motivate their subordinate or it can be said that motivation only comes from the fact that the individuals are free to do what they likes and no one has to waste time explaining their actions. This leadership style may work with individual people like academics and artists who need to be free on work in their own way, and don’t like teamwork, they would like to like what they want, and not ask for guidance or permission. Researchers suggested that a specific leadership style cannot be constraint to a particular situation rather any styles can be adopted at any situations. Researchers also suggested that the autocratic style may be suitable when large numbers of un-skilled employees are involved and when quick decisions are a matter of life and death and have to be made quickly. Motivation is just a name which comes out from the personality of the leader that is the reason followers struggle to please or satisfy the leaders. So this style may be adopted when there is a need of urgency in Waka International and when a particular objective is achieved a different style can be implemented, and this is what management is all about, â€Å"the change†. Since in the democratic style, employees or followers have an equal say in the decision-making process, they are more dedicated to the desired outcome. The collaborative environment created by this style often results in more comprehensive solutions to problems. If Waka International is looking for better and long term result democratic style would be a better choice as most of the renowned company focus on the democratic style so it would be valuable for long term objectives and goals. Laissez-faire type of leader may inspire or motivate people or plan ideas but do not make any efforts to ensure that the team follows it. This kind of leadership can only work with academics or artists, who don’t like team work and emphasis to work freely. So many researchers don’t suggest adopting this style of leadership and it will not be driving the organization to its objective quickly. But this style is has good result if professional and experienced followers are in the workplace. From the report it can be concluded that management and leadership are two different aspects, but on a broad vision if leadership has not become the part of the management, this may lead to disastrous result. Coping up the resources and not leading in a good direction without an effective leadership may show short-term good result but it would not demonstrate a good impact on the organizational objective or goals and without the right leadership, organizational strategies will remain as ink on paper. Getting the right leadership to implement business strategies takes careful planning and dedicated effort, and often substantial investment. Like the sports coach whose mediocre team never wins a championship, the CEO can’t hope to achieve bold new strategies without giving thought to his leadership team and leadership culture. Too many organizations have become unworried with their existing leadership programs, instead of making certain that they are linking their leadership strategies and development investments with their business strategies and taking full advantage of the learning opportunities that accompany strategic change. With learning and research it can also be concluded that the planning methods are useful in meeting the challenges of any situation and developing leadership skills. Leadership traits can be learnt and developed to meet the strategic needs. This report has the relevance for handling complex situation of the present competitive business world by utilizing leadership skills in making strategic decisions to achieve the stipulated goal. The different styles mentioned earlier can be used depending upon the organizational needs and objectives, to achieve the goals.

A Focus On The Superments In Singapore Economics Essay

A Focus On The Superments In Singapore Economics Essay Economics is a social science, that studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services, and can be used to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze a given market. The question I selected for further investigation through economics is, To what extent do supermarkets in Singapore resemble an oligopoly market structure? THEORY AND MARKET INFORMATION The supermarkets in Singapore are an indispensible part of society. Catering to the needs of all, Supermarkets are said to be the building blocks of the society. The phrases Im going to NTUC and Im at Cold Storage have found a common place within the Singaporean society with over a million people or approximately 25% of the population regularly visiting a supermarket. Despite the numerous supermarkets in Singapore, the market is dominated by four large firms; NTUC FairPrice, Cold Storage, Sheng Siong and Giant. An oligopoly is a market form, in which firms are few and large; the entire market is dominated by a small number of sellers, where the top 4 or 5 sellers control over 40 % of the market share. Based on the fact that the market under examination has the assumed scenario, where the four largest firms control over 40% of the total market share, the market under investigation has been hypothesized to be an oligopoly. There are several factors that are inherent in the structure of an oligopoly. These include assumptions and characteristics such as the following: Barriers to Entry: Most oligopolies have distinct barriers to entry, usually the large-scale production or the strong branding of the dominant firms. Barriers to entry may also be legal restrictions such as patent rights, or collusion among the existing firms to keep new entrants out by cutting prices sharply to make it impossible for the new entrant to be competitive or produce at that price. In the case of the market for supermarkets, there are substantial barriers to entry, which include the size of the plants of the existing firms, import made from abroad and strong brand name of the firms. These act as a barrier to restrict the entry of potentially new firms into the market, further enhancing the position of existing firms in terms of market share Interdependency of Firms and Price Stability: In an oligopoly, firms are said to be interdependent as the outcome of an action of one firm depends on the reaction of the rival firms. As there are just a few firms, each firm needs to take careful notice of each others actions. Interdependence tends to make firms want to collude and so avoid surprises and unexpected outcomes. If they can collude and act as a monopoly, they can maximize their profits. Thus the firms are very interdependent and this is shown by the concept of the kinked demand curve (Figure 1). The kinked demand curve applies the effect of interdependency in respect to the supply, demand and price fluctuations within an Oligopoly market. The kinked demand curve works on the assumption that, in reality, the firm knows only 1 point on the demand curve, the one that it holds at present (A). If the firm were to raise its price, then it would be unlikely that the competitors would raise theirs and so, the firm would lose its demand to the other firms. Thus, demand would be elastic above point A, where the firm is currently operating at, as a small increase in price would lead to a large fall in quantity demanded. However, if the firm were to reduce its prices, it would be likely that the other firms would reduce theirs too. Also, instead of reducing it to the level of the firm, the other firms may lower it even further to make up for the lost sales, by gaining more. Hence, demand would be inelastic below point A, as a decrease in price would lead to a negligible increase in quantity demanded. Hence, it is said in an oligopoly that if a firm were to change its prices, it would be the only loser. This reduces the incentive of the firms to compete by lowering their prices. This helps in maintaining price stability in an oligopoly market. Thus it is unlikely that one supermarket would cut their prices to draw market share away from other competitors. However, firms may gain an advantage by lowering their pr oduction cost per unit (economies of scale) to cut costs to a more competitive level, while still making super-normal profit. Also, being profit-maximizers, the firms operate at MC=MR. But the shape of the MR curve is such that, even if the marginal costs were to increase, it would still equal their marginal revenue and the firms have a range for profit maximizing. Benefits of economies of Scale: Large firms, in an oligopoly, have an advantage of benefits to scale. Larger firms enjoy discounts when buying raw materials in bulk, and borrow capital at lower interest rates. Thus in the Long Run, the firm would reap in the benefits of the economies of scale. An economy of scale is defined as an advantage of increased production where the cost of production or servicing one unit decreases with each additional unit produced or serviced  [1]  . These more efficient firms would be able to wipe out competitors in the Long Run and may become the lone producer, i.e. the monopolist. In diagram 2, it is clearly evident that a firm is able to sell a larger quantity Q2 at a lower price per unit than producing a lower quantity Q. Non-Price Competition: As firms do not compete in price competition, they engage themselves in non-price competition. In contrast to the homogenous goods of a Perfectly Competitive Market, an oligopolistic producer relies heavily on differentiating its products. Although the products may be substitutes, they have minor differences. Product Differentiation can create a strong foothold for a company and increase their market share. Another way for a company to do this is through branding. This effect can be seen in Apples itouch which has help Apple gain a considerable share of the MP3 market. Advertising also also plays a critical role in the firms market share. In the context of this investigation the effect of product differentiation will be a key area for the collection of data. The factors that are taken into account are membership benefits, location, free samples, amount spent by each firm on advertising and operating hours. These theories presented help structure the basis for testing how the market under investigation conforms to an Oligopoly.

Relationship Between Consumption And The Self Essay

Relationship Between Consumption And The Self Essay Consumption has always been an important aspect of human society, in different ways at different times and in different places (Clarke 2003). The consumer revolution, the birth of which is a subject of debates (McKendrick claims to have discovered it in the eighteenth century England, Williams- in nineteenth century France, and Mukerji- in fifteenth and sixteenth century England), represents not just a change in tastes, preferences, and purchasing habits but a fundamental shift in the culture of the early modern and modern world. (McCracken 1988) The consumer revolution is seen to have changed Western concept of time, space, society, the individual, and the state. Western culture gradually became increasingly dependent on and integrated with the new consumer goods and practices, which appeared from the sixteenth century onwards; culture and consumption began to fashion their present relationship of deeply complicated mutuality.(McCracken 1988) In such a consumer culture, consumption has an important significance to the meaningful practices of peoples everyday life. That is, they not only make their consumption choices from the products utilities but also from their symbolic meanings. Basically, consumption is employed not only to create and sustain self but to locate people in society as well. However, from a critical point of view, seeking to create the self through symbolic consumption can also contribute to the enslavement of individuals in the deceptive world of consumption. The following paper seeks to explore the theoretical approaches regarding the relationship between consumption and the self. {In the postmodern world} Our Identity is moulded as consumers. (Sarup 1996, p.120) Living life to the full became increasingly synonymous with consumption. (Gabriel and Lang 1995, p.7) The construction of self in modern society is considered to be invariably linked to consumption. The modern society undoubtedly represents a consumer culture, where peoples life functions in the scope of consumption. (Firat and Venkatesh 1995) It is, peoples social arrangement in which the relation between lived culture and social resources, between meaningful ways of life and the symbolic and material resources on which they depend, is mediated trough markets .(Slater 1997, p.8) Hence consumption is of great importance to the allusive practice of individuals everyday life. Along with the creation and maintenance of the self, consumption is also employed in order to locate different individuals in society (Elliott 1994a). The various material goods that people buy, the ideals and beliefs they held show who they actually are and whom they identify with. Indeed, people consume various things not only for satisfaction of personal needs but also for creation of their self-creation projec ts (i.e. for sense of significance in their pursuit of being ), which may be achieved symbolically through mundane consumption. The validity of this is confirmed by a considerable amount of literature. Lang and Gabriel argue that whether one is looking for happiness, identity, beauty, love , et cetera, there is a commodity somewhere which guarantees to prove it. In McCracken point of view, different products embody qualities that reach beyond their attributes or commercial value, which means, they are capable of carrying and accommodating cultural meanings. Symbolically, people use these meanings in order to create cultural idea of the self, to obtain and maintain lifestyles, to represent social connections and to promote changes in society and the self. (McCracken 1988) In other words, people consume these cultural ideas in order to exist in this culturally composing world. McCracken (1988a, p. Xi) confirms the latter point: without consumer goods, certain acts of self-definition a nd collective definition in this culture would be impossible. Shopping is not merely the acquisition of things: it is the buying of identity. (Clammer 1992, p. 223) Sartre (1998) argues that The bond of possessions is an internal bond of being. (p. 588) He emphasizes on the idea that people come to know who they are trough what they possess. By actually observing their material possessions they structure and sustain a notion of existential self. The idea of seeing is of vital importance, because as Sartre states to see it is already to possess it. In itself it is already apprehended by sight as a symbol of being . Thus, when see a superb landscape, people are capable of obtaining a notion of possessing the given landscape, and then associating it with their sense of being . This idea illustrates how people acquire a feeling of existing trough window shopping alone. To have is to be concept is also asserted by Belk (1988) and Dittmar (1992). Dittmar (1992, p. 204-06) argues: Material possessions have socially constructed meanings this symbolic dimension of material objects plays an important role for the owner s identity. This suggests that material social reality in an integral, pervasive aspect of everyday social life, of constructing ourselves and others. Belk (1988) in his examination of the connection between having and being , states that it is a two-fold process working in both directions respectively. Not only do people place their self-identities into their possession but they also integrate the latter into their identities; that is mirrored in the so called self-extensions process (i.e. the extended self). As extension of the self, peoples possessions not only enable them to find their actual characters but to achieve or adjust their sense of continuity from the past. Thus, material possessions act as a capacity to manage individual s life in its current course. As stated above to have is to be but to have also means to belong . Richins (1994, p. 523) states, Possessions are part of the social communication system and are sometimes actively used to communicate aspects of the self. Undoubtedly, when obtain personal possession that expresses peoples individual sense of identity and their sense of belonging to a group and collective identity. Material things encompass symbolic meanings, trough which a bridging of the self to others in society is possible. Dittmar (1992, p. 11) states: The notion that we express our identity trough our material possessions, and make inferences about the identity of others, on the basis of what they possess, means that there must be socially material objects as symbolic manifestation of identity. Nowadays, people are able to use consumption symbolically in order to gain a considerable sense of belonging to various imagined communities (Anderson 1983) or different neo-tribes (Maffesoli 1988). Thus, people consume different products that add to the symbolic means of identification of the self, trough which they associate themselves emotionally with those sharing their lifestyles. (Gabriel and Lang 1995) Consumption, as it has been stated in the above paragraphs, provides people with symbolic meanings to construct their self and identity, but it also can imprison them to the superficial sense of self and the enduring consumption. Therefore, from a critical perspective, to have means to be enslaved. If I am what I have and if what I have is lost, who then am I? (Fromm 1976, p. 76) According to Fromm, seeking to obtain a sense of being trough having hides a risk of losing it since having may not stay permanently. Contrary, he raises the idea that people realize the self by giving and sharing practices, et cetera. To have contributes to peoples enslavement of their own possessions. (Fromm 1976) People become slaves (i.e. commodities) in the realm of goods (Giddens 1991). Faurschou (1987, p. 82) argues: {Postmodernity is} no longer an age in which bodies produce commodities, but where commodities produce bodies: bodies for aerobic, bodies for sport cars, bodies for vacations, bodies for Pepsi, for Coke, and of course bodies for fashion total bodies-a total look. The colonization of the body as its own production/consumption machine in late capitalism is a fundamental theme of contemporary civilization. The belief that people are capable of exercising their freedom through certain choices seems unrealistic. Actually, we all not only follow lifestyles, but in an important sense are forced to do so-we have no choice but to choose (Gidddens 1991, p. 8). Also, Elliot (1994b) states that the pleasure, more specifically the immediate one derived from numerous consumption practices may imprison people in the scope of addictive consumption. Gergen (1991, p. 74-5) shows some apprehension over freedom of consumption: Yet this same freedom ironically leads to a form of enslavement. Each new desire places its demands and reduces one s liberties. Liberation becomes a swirling vertigo of demands. Daily life has become a sea of drowning demands, and there is no shore in sigh. The will and eagerness to be more, to grow more, to accumulate more and more, and more results in suffering and self-destruction of the individual. The only possible way of letting go this degenerated cycle is to accept the idea that to be is merely an illusion. Consequently, people should let go of their will to be , leave alone the desire to have . Considering all that has been stated above in the current paper about relationship between self and consumption strongly confirms their cooperative coexisting within and in developed societies of the contemporary world. The consumer is seen as caught in a cultural project (McCracken 1988), which main purpose is to achieve a full completion of the self. The consumer machine provides individuals with the necessary cultural materials in order to rationalise their varying ideas about themselves and their social roles in society. All of their cultural notions are embodied in the symbolic nature of goods, and it is through their possession and practices that individual understands the meaning in his own life. As Kavanaugh states, individuals in a society create themselves or define themselves culturally through the objectification of {a culture s} conceptual models in centrally prescribed phenomenal forms (McCracken 1988). It is through the systematic endowing of the meaningful properties of objects/goods that individual satisfied the opportunity and responsibility of self-definition. The logic and directions of this process of self and world construction through the nature of goods has been increasingly understudied and since recently it has been drawn accurate exploration. But which still needs further examination.

Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Education, Higher Education

Teaching Philosophy Stephen Brookfield (2006) defines a teaching philosophy as â€Å"†¦a set of values, beliefs, insights, and convictions about the essential forms and fundamental purposes of teaching† (p. 255). A teaching philosophy should serve to support a teacher and guide his or her actions so that the students’ best interests are always of primary focus. It should also come from within and be an extension of the teacher’s identity. When we consider the difficult environment and circumstances that students face today, the authenticity and actionability of a teaching philosophy is paramount. Students decide to attend college for a variety of reasons, but the essence within these reasons is a desire to grow (Shultz & Higbee, 2007; Cabgrera & La Nasa, 2000). Growth in education has often been defined as accumulating knowledge. This outdated way of thinking about higher education must give way to a different paradigm that focuses on developing the whole student. As our world becomes more connected and complicated, students have an increasing need to reach higher levels of cognitive development. In turn, teachers need to become student centered in their approach. Teachers are no longer tasked with imparting knowledge, but helping students develop abilities to understand and apply knowledge. The increasing needs of our students require an even deeper personal commitment by teachers. Parker Palmer (1998) believes that teaching is a deeply personal activity. I started teaching without much personal consideration. However my dedication to teaching today has grown out of my personal interactions with students. As a result, teaching has become a significant part of my identity. I realize my role in a student’s life is one of a ment... ... fluid and revisited. Dynamic environment demands constant organizational change. Training future business leaders demands a higher level of student analytical ability. Help them construct that through project based learning, dialogical interactions, and cross disciplinary cases. I feel that I am already a good teacher. The question now is how to become a great teacher. Me – I like dialogical – modeling, especially with different topics. ME : Teaching shouldn’t be routine Vaclav Havel (1998), former president of Czechoslovakia and of the Czech Republic, spoke often of seeing the world from a global perspective. Regarding intellectuals, Havel (1998) said, â€Å"Their increased sense of responsibility for this world has not made such intellectuals identify with an ideology; it has made them identify with humanity, with its dignity and its prospects† (p. 208).

Are Our Morals Genetically Determined or Merely Assumed? :: Philosophy Biology Essays

In a recent commentary for BBC News, Clark McCauley, Professor of Psychology at Bryn Mawr College, analyzed the issue of human evolution from a standpoint that drew on his knowledge of psychology: gradual and collective changes in human behavior. According to McCauley, as environments and situations changed, human behavior was forced to adapt accordingly. In his comments, McCauley cites the example of disgust; although it is now a common human reaction, McCauley claims it once did not exist. As humans became less capable of digesting raw meat, disgust became an important deterring force that, through the process of evolution, became a familiar and shared part of human existence. Evidencing his claim, McCauley pointed to the fact that humans have a shared and easily recognizable facial and bodily response to disgust. Following McCauley's line of reasoning, if there is evidence that supports changes in active human behavior over time that can be attributed to the evolutionary process, it seems likely that other aspects of human cognition and its manifestations would also be subject to evolution. This paper will address the issue of the evolution of human morality; namely, whether morality is an aspect of humanity that is constructed or innate, and, depending on those findings, whether evolution plays any role in the process of determining our morals. In order to assess morality, we must first define it and identify the prevalent philosophy behind it. In this paper, morality is defined as the rules that determine what is 'right' and what is 'wrong'. In his dissertation, Van Mildert College Student Nicholas Giles notes that while we do have forces that counteract our morals (i.e. our own desires), morality is often the "limiting factor" of our behavior. We (as a majority) do not steal, because somehow we have internalized that this is a 'wrong' or immoral behavior. Giles uses the example of being nice to our friends, so as to be considered nice ourselves, to segue into a discussion of altruism. Although Giles sees altruism, the notion of giving to others at the expense of oneself, as a counterintuitive philosophy, he recognizes that it the philosophical basis for morality (1). The biological basis for altruism seems fairly straightforward: organisms that put the welfare of other organisms before their own will be less successful than 'selfish' organisms. However, there are situation specific benefits to altruism; in many cases, organisms in a group will fare better than individual organisms (1).

Legalization of Marijuana is Necessary :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marijuana has been unfairly villainized and prohibited in America. Legalization offers a practical, effective, and humane approach to dealing with marijuana use. In the following pages I will point out the inconsistency and hypocrisy of America’s marijuana laws, some of the problems with our current methods for controlling illegal drug use, and some of the possible advantages of legalization. It is unclear exactly why the recreational use of marijuana became of such concern to some people in the first place, but much of the information published and testimony made to Congress on the subject in the 1930’s was simply ludicrous. A 1936 article from the American Journal of Nursing claimed that a marijuana smoker â€Å"will suddenly turn with murderous violence upon whomever is nearest to him† (Bring Drugs 13). In 1937, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (now the Drug Enforcement Agency) testified before Congress that â€Å"Marijuana is the most violence causing drug in the history of mankind,† and that â€Å"Most marijuana smokers are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos, and entertainers. Their Satanic music, jazz and swing, result from marijuana usage. This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes† (Bouril 4).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some theorize that anxiety over the decline in size and power of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics after the 1933 repeal of Alcohol Prohibition is what caused Anslinger to push so hard for the prohibition of marijuana (4). The preposterous lies told about the effects of marijuana usage by people like Anslinger has led others to believe that there was a hidden agenda behind the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 - to eliminate hemp. In 1916 the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced, in Bulletin No. 404, that one acre of hemp would produce as much pulp as four acres of trees, and that if a machine for stripping hemp were developed it would be unnecessary to cut down forest to make paper (Bock 3). Shortly before the passage of the Act, state of the art stripping and pulping machines were available and a few were in use. An article written for Popular Mechanics entitled â€Å"New Billion-Dollar Crop† discussed how this new technology would make hemp â €Å"the most profitable and desirable crop that can be grown† (Bouril 5). Unfortunately, the article was not published until February of 1938 - a day late and a dollar short. There is considerable evidence that the

The Importance of Documentation

The Importance of Documentation Documentation: Material, printed or electronic, that provides official information or evidence or that serves as a record. Why is documentation important? Without it there would be no record of anything. Humans have been documenting and recording important information for centuries. Information from inventory lists to details of wars, weather reports, past civilizations, and census data. As a non-commissioned officer having documentation when required is important in many aspects of my duties at work and even at home.At work there are medical files and profiles, leave paperwork, ammunition requests, forms for vehicle repairs, parts requests, dependent documents†¦ the list goes on and on but each document is important for its own unique reasons. Without medical files there would be no documentation of injuries or illnesses and what was done to treat them. What if the issue reoccurred? A physician would need the details of past treatments and medica tions to determine what the current treatment should be.A medical profile is an important document for showing proof of health or injury related limitations or restrictions to avoid causing the issue to worsen. Without properly completed and filed leave paperwork a soldier’s leave request would be denied. Other paperwork ignored or improperly completed can result in mission failure, delayed repairs, etc. Dependent documents are imperative to ensuring eligible family members receive the benefits entitled to them. The NCO Creed: No one is more professional than I.I am a Noncommissioned Officer, a leader of soldiers. As a noncommissioned officer, I realize that I am a member of a time honored corps, which is known as â€Å"the Backbone of the Army. † I am proud of the Corps of Noncommissioned Officers and will at all times conduct myself so as to bring credit upon the Corps, the military service and my country regardless of the situation in which I find myself. I will not use my grade or position to attain pleasure, profit or personal safety. Competence is my watch-word. My two basic responsibilities will always be ppermost in my mind — accomplishment of my mission and the welfare of my soldiers. I will strive to remain technically and tactically proficient. I am aware of my role as a noncommissioned officer. I will fulfill my responsibilities inherent in that role. All soldiers are entitled to outstanding leadership; I will provide that leadership. I know my soldiers and I will always place their needs above my own. I will communicate consistently with my soldiers and never leave them uninformed. I will be fair and impartial when recommending both rewards and punishment.Officers of my unit will have maximum time to accomplish their duties; they will not have to accomplish mine. I will earn their respect and confidence as well as that of my soldiers. I will be loyal to those with whom I serve; seniors, peers and subordinates alike. I will exe rcise initiative by taking appropriate action in the absence of orders. I will not compromise my integrity, nor my moral courage. I will not forget, nor will I allow my comrades to forget that we are professionals, Noncommissioned Officers, leaders! As an NCO, as a leader of soldiers, it is my responsibility to set the standard.It is my responsibility to be the example and demonstrate that which I expect from my soldiers. Leadership, competence, responsibility, and accountability are the foundation of successful operations within the United States Military. That ability to train, prepare and lead men into combat has been a defining characteristic of our military for hundreds of years. The importance these skills cannot be underestimated. Leaders apply these skills to ensure a successful mission. Since the revolutionary war, men have been dedicating their lives to the freedom of our country.These men were part of a team that received orders from leaders about how to overcome the enem y of the day. Today’s enemy is much harder to find, but the skills needed to succeed are easily to found here within the ranks of the United States Military, the thousands of men and women giving their best to lead soldiers. The words of the NCO Creed state clearly the responsibilities of the Army’s NCO leaders and the importance of these responsibilities is beyond measure. This country’s leaders have been teaching about leadership for quite some time.As General George Washington expressed more than 200 years ago, serving as a Soldier of the United States does not mean giving up being an American citizen with its inherent rights and responsibilities. Soldiers are citizens and should recognize that when in uniform, they represent their units, their Army, and their country. Every Soldier must balance the functions of being a dedicated warrior with obedience to the laws of the Nation. They must function as ambassadors for the country in peace and war. When speaking to officer candidates in 1941, then General of the Army George C.Marshall said, â€Å"When you are commanding, leading [Soldiers] under conditions where physical exhaustion and privations must be ignored; where the lives of [Soldiers] may be sacrificed, then, the efficiency of your leadership will depend only to a minor degree on your tactical or technical ability. It will primarily be determined by your character, your reputation, not so much for courage—which will be accepted as a matter of course—but by the previous reputation you have established for fairness, for that high-minded patriotic purpose, that quality of unswerving determination to carry through any military task assigned you.Soldiers need to be able to have faith in their command to do what is right for the soldier and the country. Command is about sacred trust. Nowhere else do superiors have to answer for how their subordinates live and act beyond duty hours. Society and the Army look to commanders t o ensure that Soldiers and Army civilians receive the proper training and care, uphold expected values, and accomplish assigned missions. Having a â€Å"good† commander is vital for unit cohesion and success. In Army organizations, commanders set the standards and policies for achieving and rewarding superior performance, as well as for punishing misconduct.In fact, military commanders can enforce their orders by force of criminal law. Consequently, it should not come as a surprise that organizations often take on the personality of their commanders. Army leaders selected to command are expected to lead beyond merely exercising formal authority. They should lead by example and serve as role models, since their personal example and public actions carry tremendous moral force. Soldiers need to work in a positive environment. Many will argue that aggressive leadership inspires more work.While this may be true, the motivating factors within soldiers of such a leader are going to be less personal than those found within a soldier who respects and values his leader’s guidance. How important is character in those trying to lead? The answer is of course that character is the defining element in a successful leader. Three major factors determine a leader’s character: values, empathy, and the Warrior Ethos. Some characteristics are present at the beginning of the leader’s career, while others develop over time through additional education, training, and experience.It is essential to success that Army leaders lead by personal example and consistently act as good role models through a dedicated lifelong effort to learn and develop. The Army cannot accomplish its mission unless all Army leaders, NCOs, soldiers, and civilians accomplish theirs— whether that means presenting a medical profile upon request, filling out a status report, repairing a vehicle, planning a budget, packing a parachute, maintaining pay records, or walking guard duty . The Army consists of more than a single outstanding general or a handful of combat heroes.It relies on hundreds of thousands of dedicated NCOs, soldiers, and civilians—workers and leaders— each doing their part to accomplish the mission. Each of their roles and responsibilities may differ, but they are no less important in reaching the goal. Every leader in the Army is a member of a team, a subordinate, and at some point, a leader of leaders. The Army relies on it’s NCOs to be capable of executing complex tactical operations, making intent driven decisions, and who can operate in joint, interagency, and multinational scenarios.They must take the information provided by their leaders and pass it on to their subordinates. Soldiers look to their NCOs for solutions, guidance, and inspiration. Soldiers can relate to NCOs since NCOs are promoted from the junior enlisted ranks. They expect them to be the buffer, filtering information from the commissioned officers an d providing them with the day-to-day guidance to get the job done. To answer the challenges of the contemporary operating environment, NCOs must train their Soldiers to cope, prepare, and perform no matter what the situation.In short, the Army NCO of today is a warrior-leader of strong character, comfortable in every role outlined in the NCO Corps’ vision. NCO leaders are responsible for setting and maintaining high-quality standards and discipline. They are the standard-bearers. Throughout history, flags have served as rallying points for Soldiers, and because of their symbolic importance, NCOs are entrusted with maintaining them. In a similar sense, NCOs are also accountable for caring for Soldiers and setting the example for them. NCOs live and work every day with Soldiers.The first people that new recruits encounter when joining the Army are NCOs. NCOs process Soldiers for enlistment, teach basic Soldier skills, and demonstrate how to respect superior officers. Even after transition from civilian to Soldier is complete, the NCO is the key direct leader and trainer for individual, team, and crew skills at the unit level. NCOs have other roles as trainers, mentors, communicators, and advisors. When junior officers first serve in the Army, their NCO helps to train and mold them. When lieutenants make mistakes, seasoned NCOs can step in and guide the young officers back on track.Doing so ensures mission accomplishment and Soldier safety while forming professional and personal bonds with the officers based on mutual trust and common goals. â€Å"Watching each other’s back† is a fundamental step in team building and cohesion. An NCO is a direct leader, giving leadership that is face-to-face or first-line leadership. This leadership occurs in organizations where subordinates are accustomed to seeing their leaders all the time: teams and squads; sections and platoons; companies, batteries, troops, battalions, and squadrons. The direct leaderâ €™s span of influence may range from a handful to several hundred people.NCOs are in direct leadership positions more often than their officer and civilian counterparts. Direct leaders develop their subordinates one-on-one and influence the organization indirectly through their subordinates. To ensure that I as an NCO, in a direct leadership role, positively influence and guide the soldiers around me, I have the responsibility, the obligation, to convey the example of the ideal soldier. Character, a person’s moral and ethical qualities, the ability to determine what is right and gives a leader motivation to do what is appropriate, regardless of the circumstances.An informed ethical conscience consistent with the Army Values strengthens leaders to make the right choices when faced with tough issues. Since Army leaders seek to do what is right and inspire others to do the same, they must embody these values. As a non-commissioned officer having documentation when it is need ed is important in many aspects of my duties at work but more than that it is important for me to set an example for the soldiers looking to me for guidance.

Hofstede Canada vs Japan Essay

individualism vs CollectivismIn subject matter this dimension deals with the blood betwixt the respective(prenominal) and the incarnates in a inclined smart set. It is reflected in the way in which muckle inhabit together. For example, nuclear families, drawn-out families, tribes and other big communities. It directly effects great deals values and behaviours. In some floricultures one-on-oneisticism is some meter to be sought after besides in others it is seen as alienation.CanadaCanada has a earn of 80 in this dimension which is its loftyest grudge by a considerable margin of 28. Their gild expects people to look after themselves and their nimble family. These values in ar line of products with my own Irish values but we generally go one come on and include extended family members in this sustain much(prenominal) as cousins, aunts and uncles by melodic phrase or marriage. Likewise in a business environment employees argon expect to take initiative and be self-reliant without constant supervision. Where hiring and promotion ends ar refer assessments be based on the exclusives accolades and capabilities. It is all important(p) to note that Canadian employees bequeath be expected to be able to employ on individual tasks as easily as mathematical group projects.The vast majority of Canadians as well as other capitalist side of meat speaking countries such as Ireland, Australia, bare-ass Zealand, United Kingdom and the United States develop individualism ranked first. Financial on the dot about of all but most successes are a measure of ain fall uponment. Canadians are generally confident and open to talk over general topics however their private affairs are only up for banter with their closest friends and family members. The predominately French speaking state of Quebec holds different views than the rest of Canada. This clears to tension between and their English speaking coun softenmen. Quebecers tend to be m uch(prenominal) than private and speechless. Ethnocentrism is prevalent in Canada but particularly in Quebec. lacquerjapan has a score of 46 on the Hofstedes individualism dimension. Japan has m all qualities of a incarnate society and indeed in popularly unimaginative as one, when in fact it make headway in the middle. It prioritised harmonies relations over an individuals need to express themselves and has a great sense of shame for losing face. This being said it is not as collective as its Chinese and Korean neighbours as they do not maintain extended families to the same extent.Japan has a paternal society where assets are inherited from convey to eldest son piece of music the be siblings are left to their own devices, qualification their own liveness history with their core families. A more recent memorise by Woodring1 found that Nipponese students are scored higher(prenominal)(prenominal) on individualism and lower on power distance than Hofstedes sure sample. This was due(p) to their age, according to Woodring. The findings suggest that Nipponese college students value individualism and equality more than the rest of their society. Hofsedes longitudinal study showed that national wealth and individualism are related. Japan has the worlds one-third largest economy2, so it is no surprise that Japanese society is changing in this way.In fact a recent Japanese term shin jin rui literally kernel clean human beings has developed to set forth 25 year olds and younger by their elders. They are thought to be selfish, self-absorbed and disrespectful of elders and traditions3. Japanese society could be regarded as paradoxical as it is both(prenominal) individualistic and collective depending on the given situation. For example Japanese employees are known for their company obedience but loyalty is something they choose for themselves which is a individualistic characteristic. Japanese society is collective by Canadian and indeed Irish st andards but individualist by the rest of Asias standards.Individualism vs Collectivism impact on Decisions reservationThis mostly effects the motivations of a decision. laissez-faire(a) societies are motivated by personal success and make their decisions according. They ceaselessly attempt to climb the corporate ladder and achieve a higher standard of living for themselves and their immediate family. Meanwhile in collective societies they prioritise their decisions for good of the group above their own personal goals. In a business context collective societies willing construct better in groups with people they have a personal relationship with. While individualist societies can work well as individuals and in groups with people they do not know. This allows for quicker decision devising but not crafty a colleague on a personal aim whitethorn lead to less active participation. Collective card takes more fourth dimension but more options are analysed in more profoundness which in some circumstances is more effective but less time efficient. unbelief head offanceUncertainty shunning indicates how threatened a society will be by ambiguous contexts and the decimal point to which it will attempt to avoid these situations by not tolerating deviant ideas or behaviours, and a belief in absolute truths4. This equivocalness leads to anxiety. Different cultures manage this anxiety in different looks. A High Uncertainty turning away ranking indicates the country has a low tolerance for unbelief and ambiguity. This creates a rule-oriented society that implements laws, rules, regulations, and controls in order avoid uncertainness. A Low Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the country is less unhappy about doubt and is more prosperous taking into account a full(a) variety of views and opinions. This is mirrored in a society that is less strictly regulated, accepts adjustment quicker, and takes more and great risks.JapanJapan, with a score of 92, is one of the most uncertainty avoiding places on earth. This is thought to be due to Japans ever present threat of immanent disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons and volcanic eruptions. whitethorn 2011s tsunami is a testament to this with a terminal toll of just under sixteen thousand. The Japanese have learned to seduce themselves all aspects of life and not just emergencies. From start to finish Japanese life is extremely organised by Canadian standards, with many tradition ceremonies such as opening and closing events for schools. These are performed in very much the same manner throughout Japan. Detailed etiquette books are ready(prenominal) outlining proper behavioural practises and dress for important events such as weddings and funerals.In the Japanese business world, vast amounts of time are invested into feasibility studies. All risk factors moldiness be precisely analysed sooner any project gets the go ahead. Managers will verify on and indeed expect e nlarge facts and figures before committing to any decision. This need to creator and approved practises makes introducing change difficult.CanadaWith a score of 48 Canada is considerable more uncertainty accept than Japan. They readily accept cutting ideas, innovative products and have an enthusiasm to try new or different things whether its new technology, products or business practices. They are accepting of ideas and opinions from people on any level of a business which allows freedom of air and upward and downward communication. Canadian culture is not rule orientated as Japan is but they tend to be less emotional expressive than cultures tally higher on the dimension.Canada uncertainty evasion is fragmented somewhat. The British capital of South Carolina prudence is viewed as the Western Frontier while Quebecers are much more reserved and reluctant to change. Traditionally British Columbias economy was based on exploiting natural resources such as mining, ram down and fi shing. Due to a change in the global economy in the mid-nineties it shifted to a more entrepreneurial, innovative knifelike economy. Innovation is the product of entrepreneurship which is directly coupled to lower uncertainty avoidance5.In may of 2002, the University of British Columbia studied entrepreneurial body process in B.C. and compared it to other Canadian provinces.6 Their research showed that the province of B.C. is ready for greater entrepreneurial activity but that over-regulation may be stunting entrepreneurial activity in the province. During the late 1990s the tote up of new business starts in B.C. was higher than the Canadian national average. Thus, it shows lower uncertainty avoidance in B.C.Uncertainty avoidance impact on decision makingThis directly impacts decision making as it relates to risk taking and preparation in every form. A high grading uncertainty avoidance country such as Japan actively makes decisions to constantly avoid risk. Decisions are onl y make after lengthy considerations with all credible possibilities careful considered before action is taken. It was be advantage of being better inform but the disadvantage of being time consuming. Whereas in a country with a low uncertainty avoidance score such as Canada decisions are may much quicker with less considers and options accounted for before taking the plunge. This is a high risk, high reward strategy which can work well given the right entrepreneurial skills. Both nations could learn from each other, making reasonable quick decisions with the best knowledge given time constraints.Bibliographyhttps//docs.google.com/a/ucdconnect.ie/ attestor?a=v&q=cache5pvQ7O-6yo0Jwww.cjrs-rcsr.org/ biography/30-2/McNabb-final.pdf+canadian+uncertainty+avoidance&hl=en&gl=ie&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg1FrvsrtpXzN76VcxyTTQ-41w1fT3mmEF46pj4oZCKrQwWL-1IoYpW2iiR2wH9pu7aIgJORx1xQj8w06gzLj8xnIq7FEoS6QW14Ame4iS5nfDGejToZ70ZJS5KGa6GzRoFBw5H&sig=AHIEtbQ3NA9rLoVL-GovrHnXzRqTiSO5OA&pli=1http//cos.sagep ub.com/content/51/1-2/59.full.pdf+htmlhttp//www.cyborlink.com/besite/canada.htm civilizations Consequences Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations by By Geert H. Hofstede.

Child and adolescent health Essay

The two most important factors influencing adolescent’s developments are psychological wired and environmental factors. As they grow, they are influenced by environmental factors such as religion, culture, Schools and religion. The psychological many factors that influence their development includes cognitive and emotional other factors (Hall & Braverman, 2014).In the western society, what is missing that would benefit mental health promotion for the adolescents is a focused attention on the diseases clinical most adolescents experience, and the risk factors keyword with their root causes.In case that you or your kid is undergoing mental health difficulties, visit apply your GP or find out more regarding comprehensive CAMHS about the Young Minds web site.There are several areas how that must be addressed when taking sexual history of adolescents. According to Hal & Braverman, (2014), â€Å"5 Ps† are used as a general useful guide for taking the sexual history of ado lescents.Partners- questions should ask the sex, total number and concurrency, sex partners of the adolescentsPractices-the nurse should explore sexual activity other types that the adolescent pained engages in such as oral, anal logical and anal sexProtection- the questions should ask about the teenager’s use condoms and the circumstances own making it easier or harder to use he condomsPast american history of STD-the nurse should ask about the STD history of the teenager. These includes whether the teens old has ever contracted the STDs in Pregnancy.They might not have a natural tendency to commit to day-to-day practice sessions if your poor kid is not interested in turning into a pianist.

Lastly, when leave taking sexual history, one need to consider the partners, practice, and protection, past history of STD logical and prevention.ReferencesHall, C., & Braverman, P. K.Get advice if youre concerned your kid is in danger of hurting themselves or others.(2014). Hot topics in early adolescent health.Merrick, J. (2014).While the approach of the team is they operate in tandem.

adoptive Parents and guardians play a massive role in how our therapy.Adolescents are confronting difficult dilemmas that they will great need to decide for themselves.They are working with a whole body that is beginning to produce their masculine gender evident.Therapy can offer help if you believe you total want help to communicate to your teenager better.

Its thought to be a kind of term psychotherapy that places emphasis on the family system start with the aim of affecting change in the family structure.Behavior therapy is comparable.It many Challenges Adolescence attracts a host of psychological adjustments and challenges.Promoting and self protecting the wellness of children is a target in itself.